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11 Jan 2010

Volume 96, Issue 2, Articles (02xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3290633 (3 pages)

Ahmet Ali Yanik, Min Huang, Alp Artar, Tsung-Yao Chang, and Hatice Altug
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Integrated nanoplasmonic-nanofluidic biosensors with targeted delivery of analytes

Ahmet Ali Yanik, Min Huang, Alp Artar, Tsung-Yao Chang, and Hatice Altug

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3290633 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 11 January 2010

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Performances of the biosensors are often limited by the depletion zones created around the sensing area which impede the effective analyte transport. To overcome this limitation, we propose and demonstrate a nanoplasmonic-nanofluidic sensor enabling targeted delivery of analytes to the sensor surface with dramatic improvements in mass transport efficiency. Our sensing platform is based on extraordinary light transmission effect in suspended plasmonic nanoholes. This scheme allows three-dimensional control of the fluidic flow by connecting separate layers of microfluidic channels through plasmonic/nanofluidic holes. To implement the proposed sensor platform, we also introduce a lift-off free nanofabrication method.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
87.85.Ox Biomedical instrumentation and transducers, including micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)

Ultrafast insulator-to-metal phase transition as a switch to measure the spectrogram of a supercontinuum light pulse

Federico Cilento, Claudio Giannetti, Gabriele Ferrini, Stefano Dal Conte, Tommaso Sala, Giacomo Coslovich, Matteo Rini, Andrea Cavalleri, and Fulvio Parmigiani

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021102 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3291105 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 11 January 2010

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In this letter we demonstrate the possibility to determine the temporal and spectral structure (spectrogram) of a complex light pulse exploiting the ultrafast switching character of a nonthermal photoinduced phase transition. As a proof, we use a VO2 multifilm, undergoing an ultrafast insulator-to-metal phase transition when excited by femtosecond near-infrared laser pulses. The abrupt variation in the multifilm optical properties, over a broad infrared/visible frequency range, is exploited to determine, in situ and in a simple way, the spectrogram of a supercontinuum pulse produced by a photonic crystal fiber. The determination of the structure of the pulse is mandatory to develop pump-probe experiments with frequency resolution over a broad spectral range (700–1100 nm).
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71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
78.66.-w Optical properties of specific thin films
78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec)
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials

Development of a nonlinear nanoprobe for interferometric autocorrelation based characterization of ultrashort optical pulses

Haifeng Li, Yaoshun Jia, Qian Xu, Kebin Shi, Jian Wu, Peter C. Eklund, Yong Xu, and Zhiwen Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021103 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276081 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 11 January 2010

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Near-field scanning can achieve nanoscale resolution while ultrashort pulse diagnostic tools can characterize femtosecond pulses. Yet currently it is still challenging to nonperturbatively characterize the near field of an ultrashort optical pulse with nanofemtoscale spatiotemporal resolution. To address this challenge, we propose to develop a nonlinear nanoprobe composed of a silica fiber taper, a nanowire, and nonlinear fluorescent spheres. Using such a nanoprobe, we also report proof-of-principle characterization of femtosecond optical pulse through interferometric autocorrelation measurement.
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07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes and components
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
07.60.Ly Interferometers
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
81.07.Gf Nanowires
81.07.Oj Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)

High throughput technique for characterizing liquid crystal alignment in complex geometries

E. G. Edwards, T. S. Taphouse, S. L. Cornford, and S. C. Kitson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021104 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3279145 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 January 2010

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We present a high throughput technique for characterizing liquid crystal electro-optic devices. We show that the optical transmission as a function of incident light polarization for an untwisted nematic device doped with dichroic dye can be simulated as a birefringent slab with uniform tilt and azimuthal alignment angles. Although the actual liquid crystal alignment may be more complex, these slab angles provide the basis of a rapid assessment technique. Implementation of the experiment using machine vision allows many measurements to be made in parallel and so very high throughput characterization of devices is possible.
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61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.25.Ja Polarization
42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption

A general few-projection method for tomographic reconstruction of samples consisting of several distinct materials

Glenn R. Myers, C. David L. Thomas, David M. Paganin, Timur E. Gureyev, and John G. Clement

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021105 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3279150 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 12 January 2010

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We present a method for tomographic reconstruction of objects containing several distinct materials, which is capable of accurately reconstructing a sample from vastly fewer angular projections than required by conventional algorithms. The algorithm is more general than many previous discrete tomography methods, as: (i) a priori knowledge of the exact number of materials is not required; (ii) the linear attenuation coefficient of each constituent material may assume a small range of a priori unknown values. We present reconstructions from an experimental x-ray computed tomography scan of cortical bone acquired at the SPring-8 synchrotron.
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87.57.Q- Computed tomography
87.59.bd Computed radiography
87.57.nf Reconstruction

Effect of dielectric thin films on reflection properties of metal hole arrays

Fumiaki Miyamaru, Yuki Sasagawa, and Mitsuo Wada Takeda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021106 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3292024 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 12 January 2010

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We study the effect of a dielectric film attached to the surface of a metal hole array (MHA) on the reflection spectrum in the terahertz (THz) region. The frequency of the reflection dip, attributed to the excitation of surface waves in the vicinity of the MHA surface, shifts to lower frequencies with increasing dielectric film thickness. This resonant characteristic of MHAs can be applied to highly sensitive THz sensing for samples attached to the MHA surface. We also investigate the dependence of the reflection spectrum on the MHA’s thickness and the side to which the dielectric film is attached.
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
78.40.-q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys

Laser spectroscopy of gas confined in nanoporous materials

Tomas Svensson and Zhijian Shen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021107 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3292210 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 13 January 2010

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We show that high-resolution laser spectroscopy can probe surface interactions of gas confined in nanocavities of porous materials. We report on strong line broadening and unfamiliar line shapes due to tight confinement, as well as signal enhancement due to multiple photon scattering. This new domain of laser spectroscopy constitute a challenge for the theory of collisions and spectroscopic line shapes, and open for new ways of analyzing porous materials and processes taking place therein.
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07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
42.62.-b Laser applications

Microwave modulation of terahertz quantum cascade lasers: a transmission-line approach

W. Maineult, L. Ding, P. Gellie, P. Filloux, C. Sirtori, S. Barbieri, T. Akalin, J.-F. Lampin, I. Sagnes, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021108 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3284518 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 14 January 2010

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We report on microwave impedance measurements of metal-metal ridge-waveguide terahertz quantum cascade lasers. Experimental data, recorded at 4 K in the 100 MHz–55 GHz range, are well reproduced by distributed-parameter transmission-line simulations, showing that the modulation cutoff is limited by the propagation losses that increase for higher microwave frequencies, yielding a 3 dB modulation bandwidth of ∼ 70 GHz for a 1 mm-long ridge. By using a shunt-stub matching we demonstrate amplitude modulation of a 2.3 THz QCL up to 24 GHz.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology

Mechanism of effective three-photon induced lasing

H. H. Fan, Y. J. He, J. W. Dong, B. C. Chen, H. Z. Wang, Y. P. Tian, and M. F. Reid

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021109 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3291671 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 14 January 2010

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The experimental and theoretical results in this letter reveal that three-photon absorption effect can help light wave to form solitonlike filament; and a stable solitonlike filament is observed in solution with high quintic nonlinearity. This stable solitonlike filament makes pumping infrared laser be localized within the filament and reach high pumping density for a long distance. This high density pumping laser in the filament generates high efficiency lasing induced by three-photon absorption. This work is an approach to make practical application of high order nonlinear optical processes possible.
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42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
42.55.-f Lasers

Paraboloid electronic eye cameras using deformable arrays of photodetectors in hexagonal mesh layouts

Inhwa Jung, Gunchul Shin, Viktor Malyarchuk, Jeong Sook Ha, and John A. Rogers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021110 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3290244 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 15 January 2010

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We report on a type of digital camera that uses a hexagonal array of silicon photodetectors on a substrate whose surface has parabolic curvature. This elliptical paraboloid shape closely matches the image surface formed by a simple, planoconvex lens. The hexagonal arrangement provides high area coverage with an approximately circular peripheral view. Details of the design strategies and underlying features of the mechanics and optics are described. Full imaging with these parabolic cameras and comparison to planar layouts reveals improved uniformity of illumination and focus across a wide field of view.
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07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors

Dynamic response of metamaterials in the terahertz regime: Blueshift tunability and broadband phase modulation

J.-M. Manceau, N.-H. Shen, M. Kafesaki, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Tzortzakis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021111 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3292208 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 15 January 2010

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Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is used to probe the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials, which are dynamically photoexcited, using synchronized femtosecond near-infrared laser pulses. Blueshift tunability of the electric dipole metamaterial’s resonance, as well as a broadband phase tunability reaching ∼ π/4, are demonstrated. Numerical simulations show the observations are due to changes in the complex index of the photoexcited semiconductor substrate.
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78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
42.70.-a Optical materials
78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec)
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