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11 Oct 2010

Volume 97, Issue 15, Articles (15xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 154101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3479052 (3 pages)

Younggeun Park, Yeonho Choi, Debkishore Mitra, Taewook Kang, and Luke P. Lee
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X-ray refraction-contrast computed tomography images using dark-field imaging optics

Naoki Sunaguchi, Tetsuya Yuasa, Qingkai Huo, Shu Ichihara, and Masami Ando

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 153701 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3497717 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 11 October 2010

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If an x-ray beam containing internal information derived from sample soft tissue is incident upon a Laue-case analyzer, the beam will subsequently split into a forwardly diffracted beam and a separate diffracted beam. Using these beams acquired simultaneously, a refraction-contrast computed tomography (CT) imaging system for biomedical use with lower radiation dose can be easily realized, and has a high depicting capability on the soft tissues compared with conventional x-ray CT based on absorption contrast principles. In this paper, we propose an imaging system using dark-field imaging for CT measurement based on a tandem system of Bragg- and Laue-case crystals with two two-dimensional detectors, along with a data-processing method to extract information on refraction from the measured entangled intensities by use of rocking curve fitting with polynomial functions. Reconstructed images of soft tissues are presented and described.
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87.59.bd Computed radiography
42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
87.57.nf Reconstruction
87.57.Q- Computed tomography

Toward an objective evaluation of cell transfection performance

Viviana Orlando, Daniela Pozzi, Giulio Caracciolo, Gabriella Augusti-Tocco, and Stefano Biagioni

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 153702 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3499756 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 October 2010

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In this study, we considered the interplay between the efficiency and cytotoxicity of multicomponent cationic liposome/DNA complexes, in cell lines of different origin, as NIH 3T3, HEK 293T, N18TG2, and SK-N-SH. We show that both efficiency and cytotoxicity vary considerably depending on used transfection agents and cells lines. Such variations are largely overcome when transfection is evaluated by a parameter, R, that combines the percentages of transfected, nonviable, and nonadherent cells. These findings provide a strong validation of R as an unbiased indicator for transfection performance across cell lines and transfection agents.
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87.17.-d Cell processes
87.14.gk DNA
87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)

Random breakup of microdroplets for single-cell encapsulation

Eujin Um, Seung-Goo Lee, and Je-Kyun Park

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 153703 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3500980 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 12 October 2010

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Microfluidic droplet-based technology enables encapsulation of cells in the isolated aqueous chambers surrounded by immiscible fluid but single-cell encapsulation efficiency is usually less than 30%. In this letter, we introduce a simple microgroove structure to break droplets into random sizes which further allows collecting of single-cell [Escherichia coli (E. coli)] containing droplets by their size differences. Pinched-flow separation method is integrated to sort out droplets of certain sizes which have high probability of containing one cell. Consequently, we were able to obtain more than 50% of droplets having single E. coli inside, keeping the proportion of multiple-cell containing droplets less than 16%.
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47.85.Np Fluidics
47.32.Ff Separated flows
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles

A simple method to evaluate the optimal size of nanoparticles for endocytosis based on kinetic diffusion of receptors

Xinlei Li and Da Xing

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 153704 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3502489 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 13 October 2010

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We have presented an analytic thermodynamic model to elucidate the mechanism of receptor-mediated endocytosis of nanoparticles (NPs) and provided a simple method to evaluate the optimal size of NPs by minimizing the kinetic diffusion time of the free receptors around the bound region toward the contact surface with NPs. It is found that the average density of receptors and chemical energy release upon the binding of a ligand-receptor pair determine the optimal size of NPs if the bending modulus of membranes and the cross-sectional area of the receptor are constants. The optimal radius of NPs can be calculated based on our model.
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61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
87.85.Rs Nanotechnologies-applications
87.16.D- Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles

Estimation of proton distribution by means of three-dimensional reconstruction of prompt gamma rays

Min-Seok Park, Wonho Lee, and Jung-Min Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 153705 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3502612 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 14 October 2010

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In proton therapy, the dose distribution of proton beams in the human body needs to be measured accurately. The distribution of prompt gamma rays emitted from patients during irradiation is strongly associated with the dose distribution of the proton beam. The (three-dimensional) 3D distribution of the prompt gamma rays detected by a single photon emission computed tomography was simulated using a Monte Carlo method. The 3D distribution of the prompt gamma rays was well matched with the dose distribution of the proton beam and was superior to the (two-dimensional) distribution of the prompt gamma rays detected using a conventional gamma camera.
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87.57.uh Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
87.53.Jw Therapeutic applications, including brachytherapy
87.55.K- Monte Carlo methods
87.57.nf Reconstruction
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