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27 Dec 2010

Volume 97, Issue 26, Articles (26xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 263701 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3530124 (3 pages)

Shu-Hsien Liao, Kai-Wen Huang, Hong-Chang Yang, Chang-Te Yen, M. J. Chen, Hsin-Hsien Chen, Herng-Er Horng, and Shieh Yueh Yang
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Saturation of absorption in noble metal doped nanocomposite glass film excited by evanescent light field

Costantino Corbari, Martynas Beresna, and Peter G. Kazansky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261101 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3529950 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2010

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A leaky-waveguide configuration is proposed for saturable absorbers. Evanescent field interaction between the leaky-mode and the absorber layer reduces material degradation at high power levels while providing control over the interaction length and thus the modulation strength and nonsaturable losses simply by tuning the coupling angle around the resonance of the leaky-mode. This concept was applied to a sol-gel silicon-dioxide glass film doped with gold nanoparticles. Saturation of the surface plasmon resonance absorption was demonstrated with modulation depths of up to 34% achieved.
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73.22.Lp Collective excitations
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption

Excitation of surface field cavity and coherence of electromagnetic field scattering on two-dimensional cylindrical lattice

I. V. Konoplev, L. Fisher, A. W. Cross, A. D. R. Phelps, K. Ronald, and M. Thumm

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261102 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3529953 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2010

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The excitation of a surface field cavity based on a large area two-dimensional cylindrical lattice and surface field scattering within the cavity are investigated. It is shown that the interaction between surface and volume fields via distributed scatterers becomes coherent and the cavity excitation takes place only when it is irradiated with a near cut-off transverse-magnetic polarized field. The coherence of the radiation observed from the surface field scattering is investigated.
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41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)

Hole injection and efficiency droop improvement in InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes by band-engineered electron blocking layer

C. H. Wang, C. C. Ke, C. Y. Lee, S. P. Chang, W. T. Chang, J. C. Li, Z. Y. Li, H. C. Yang, H. C. Kuo, T. C. Lu, and S. C. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261103 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3531753 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2010

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A graded-composition electron blocking layer (GEBL) with aluminum composition increasing along the [0001] direction was designed for c-plane InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by employing the band-engineering. The simulation results demonstrated that such GEBL can effectively enhance the capability of hole transportation across the EBL as well as the electron confinement. Consequently, the LED with GEBL grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition exhibited lower forward voltage and series resistance and much higher output power at high current density as compared to conventional LED. Meanwhile, the efficiency droop was reduced from 34% in conventional LED to only 4% from the maximum value at low injection current to 200 A/cm2.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)

Experimental analysis of internal optical losses in polarization-insensitive semiconductor optical amplifiers

Shinsuke Tanaka and Ken Morito

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261104 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3531956 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2010

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We experimentally investigated the internal optical loss of a polarization-insensitive multiple quantum well semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) over a wide injection current range. The precise fitting of noise figure spectra using gain spectra and transparent wavelengths enabled a direct estimation of internal optical loss inside gain bandwidth. The internal optical loss of the SOA exhibited large dependencies on injection current and the optical confinement factor of the active layer. A large difference in optical losses between polarization modes and operating wavelengths of the SOA indicates a strong influence of intervalence band absorption.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes

Three-dimensional microcoils as terahertz metamaterial with electric and magnetic response

Stefan Waselikowski, Kai Kratt, Vlad Badilita, Ulrike Wallrabe, Jan G. Korvink, and Markus Walther

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261105 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3530435 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2010

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A metamaterial consisting of three-dimensional submillimeter solenoidal coils is presented. The structures have been fabricated by an automated wire-bonding technique and are characterized by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and numerical simulations. We demonstrate the excitation of electric and magnetic resonances in the microcoils at frequencies between 0.05 and 0.6 THz. The implementation of these microstructures provides a promising route for the design of nonplanar and intrinsically chiral metamaterials for gigahertz to terahertz frequencies.
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84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology
84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology

Design concepts of terahertz quantum cascade lasers: Proposal for terahertz laser efficiency improvements

Tillmann Kubis, Saumitra Raj Mehrotra, and Gerhard Klimeck

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261106 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3524197 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2010

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Conceptual disadvantages of typical resonant phonon terahertz quantum cascade lasers (THz-QCLs) are analyzed. Alternative designs and their combination within a concrete device proposal are discussed to improve the QCL performance. The improvements are (1) indirect pumping of the upper laser level, (2) diagonal optical transitions, (3) complete electron thermalization, and (4) materials with low effective electron masses. The nonequilibrium Green’s function method is applied to predict stationary electron transport and optical gain. The proposed THz-QCL shows a higher optical gain, a lower threshold current, and a higher operation temperature. Alloy disorder scattering can worsen the QCL performance.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.15.Eq Optical system design

Scattering focusing and localized surface plasmons in a single Ag nanoring

Qing Zhang, Xin-Yan Shan, Li Zhou, Tian-Rong Zhan, Chun-Xiao Wang, Min Li, Jin-Feng Jia, Jian Zi, Qu-Quan Wang, and Qi-Kun Xue

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261107 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3532113 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2010

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We investigate the far-field scattering property of a single Ag nanoring. Under oblique excitation, two-focus scatterings with distinct intensities were observed. We show that the two-focus scatterings result from the interference of far-field scattering light from the ring circumference, and the local field enhancement effect of surface plasmons plays the key role in the focus intensity. By finite difference time domain and numerical integer methods, we calculated far-field scattering and surface plasmons’ distributions, and the results are in good agreement with the experiment.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
73.22.Lp Collective excitations

Characterizing ultrashort optical pulses using second-order nonlinear nanoprobes

Haifeng Li, Zhe Zhang, Qian Xu, Kebin Shi, Yaoshun Jia, Baigang Zhang, Yong Xu, and Zhiwen Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261108 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3532112 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2010

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We report a second-order nonlinear nanoprobe for characterizing ultrafast optical near fields. The proposed nanoprobe comprises second harmonic nanocrystals attached to a carbon nanotube, which is in turn attached to a silica fiber taper. We demonstrate in situ pulse characterization directly in the air core of a photonic crystal fiber. Further, it is shown that nanoprobes containing a single nanocrystal in the tip of the nanotube can be fabricated by auxiliary focused ion beam nanomilling. These results indicate that the proposed nanoprobe can open an avenue for probing the evolution of ultrafast optical fields in complex three-dimensional micro- or nanostructures.
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42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Waveguiding-assisted random lasing in epitaxial ZnO thin film

P.-H. Dupont, C. Couteau, D. J. Rogers, F. Hosseini Téhérani, and G. Lérondel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261109 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3527087 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2010

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Zinc oxide thin films were grown on c-sapphire substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Pump power dependence of surface emission spectra, acquired using a quadrupled 266 nm laser, revealed room temperature stimulated emission (threshold of 900 kW/cm2). Time dependent spectral analysis plus gain measurements of single-shot, side-emission spectra pumped with a nitrogen laser revealed random lasing indicative of the presence of self-forming laser cavities. It is suggested that random lasing in an epitaxial system rather than a three-dimensional configuration of disordered scattering elements was due to waveguiding in the film. Waveguiding causes light to be amplified within randomly formed closed-loops acting as lasing cavities.
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78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
68.55.ag Semiconductors
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
78.45.+h Stimulated emission
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
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Terahertz quantum cascade lasers based on type II InGaAs/GaAsSb/InP

Christoph Deutsch, Alexander Benz, Hermann Detz, Pavel Klang, Michele Nobile, Aaron Maxwell Andrews, Werner Schrenk, Tillmann Kubis, Peter Vogl, Gottfried Strasser, and Karl Unterrainer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261110 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3532106 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2010

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We report the demonstration of a terahertz quantum cascade laser based on the In0.53Ga0.47As/GaAs0.51Sb0.49 type II material system. The combination of low effective electron masses and a moderate conduction band offset makes this material system highly suitable for such devices. The active region is a three-well phonon depopulation design and laser ridges have been processed in a double-metal waveguide configuration. The devices exhibit a threshold current density of 2 kA/cm2, provide peak optical powers of 1.8 mW, and operate up to 102 K. Emission frequencies are in the range between 3.6 and 4.2 THz.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Transmission properties of surface plasmon polaritons and localized resonance in semiconductor hole arrays

T. Okada, S. Tsuji, K. Tanaka, K. Hirao, and K. Tanaka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261111 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3532111 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 December 2010

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We study optical modulated transmission in semiconductor hole arrays using terahertz time-domain measurements in combination with the optical pump-terahertz probe technique. When the density of photoexcited carriers is varied, we observe an evanescent decay profile for the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons, whereas steady behavior is exhibited for transmission attributed to the localized resonance in the holes. We also demonstrate an optically controlled transition of the transmission mechanism, attributed to the change from a dielectric structure to a plasmonic material.
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73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator)
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Optimum areal coverage for perfect transmission in a periodic metal hole array

J. W. Lee, T. H. Park, Peter Nordlander, and Daniel M. Mittleman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261112 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3533658 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 December 2010

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We investigate the conditions for perfect transmission of terahertz radiation in periodic two-dimensional plasmonic system of square holes. Changing the period in the direction perpendicular to the incident light polarization reveals the optimum areal coverage for perfect transmission at a specific period. The simulated near-zone energy flow distributions show that all incident light is accumulated on the apertures, under the condition that the period is shorter than the resonant wavelength, acting as static local capacitors restricted to a wavelength-confined region. Our finding can be exploited for designing cost-effective terahertz filters and may be applicable to terahertz spectroscopy requiring strong local field enhancement.
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84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
42.79.Wc Optical coatings

Cavity-involved plasmonic metamaterial for optical polarization conversion

T. Li, S. M. Wang, J. X. Cao, H. Liu, and S. N. Zhu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 261113 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3533912 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 December 2010

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We experimentally demonstrate a plasmonic assisted Fabry–Perot cavity in a metal/insulator/metal trilayer structure with L-shaped hole arrays inside, which significantly contribute to the mechanism to realize a nearly complete polarization conversion ( = 0.93) in optical transmissions at near-infrared wavelength. This interesting property is found arising from an overlap of the cavity and plasmonic modes in two orthogonal polarization states. This discovered physics remarkably endows this plasmonic metamaterial with good optical performance and looser fabrication requirement, not only indicating practical applications but also providing fruitful inspirations in future nanophotonic designs.
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73.22.Lp Collective excitations
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
73.40.Rw Metal-insulator-metal structures
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices
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