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14 Feb 2011

Volume 98, Issue 7, Articles (07xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 073101 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3554360 (3 pages)

Wei Xu, Rajesh Leeladhar, Yao-Tsan Tsai, Eui-Hyeok Yang, and Chang-Hwan Choi
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Pyroelectric control of the superprism effect in a lithium niobate photonic crystal in slow light configuration

M.-P. Bernal, J. Amet, J. Safioui, F. Devaux, M. Chauvet, J. Salvi, and F. I. Baida

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071101 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3554373 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 14 February 2011

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In this letter, tunability of the beam deviation on a two dimensional lithium niobate photonic crystal superprism is experimentally demonstrated thanks to the pyroelectric effect. Since the superprism geometry has been designed in a slow light configuration, the observed pyroelectric beam steering tunability is considerably enhanced. A beam deviation of 3.4°/°C has been experimentally measured for a working wavelength of 1565 nm. Direct applications can be found as ultracompact highly effective temperature variation sensors.
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77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Strong light extraction enhancement in GaInN light-emitting diodes by using self-organized nanoscale patterning of p-type GaN

Sameer Chhajed, Wonseok Lee, Jaehee Cho, E. Fred Schubert, and Jong Kyu Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071102 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3554426 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 14 February 2011

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We report on a self-organized nanoscale patterning method by using oblique angle deposition to enhance the light extraction in a GaInN light-emitting diode (LED). The method offers one-step processing with good controllability of the feature size and density of the nanopatterns by varying the deposition angle during oblique angle deposition, eliminating the need for photolithography and annealing. A 5-nm-thick silver (Ag) film, when deposited by using oblique angle deposition, spontaneously forms a nanoscale island-like morphology on the substrate. This method is used to texture p-type GaN with nanoscale features, which results in increased light extraction from a GaInN LED. At 100 mA, the nanotextured LED shows a 46% higher light output than a standard LED with unpatterned (planar) p-type GaN.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Pulse repetition rate up to 92 GHz or pulse duration shorter than 110 fs from a mode-locked semiconductor disk laser

P. Klopp, U. Griebner, M. Zorn, and M. Weyers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071103 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3554751 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 15 February 2011

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A semiconductor disk laser based on an InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well gain medium was mode-locked by a fast semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. By high-order harmonic mode-locking a 92 GHz pulse train was obtained with a pulse duration of <200 fs. In order to achieve fundamental mode-locking, too strong saturation of the semiconductor elements had to be avoided. In a single-pulse regime, pulses shorter than 110 fs were generated at a wavelength of 1030 nm.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Intersubband spectroscopy probing higher order interminiband transitions in AlN-GaN-based superlattices

Daniel Hofstetter, J. Di Francesco, Prem K. Kandaswamy, and Eva Monroy

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071104 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3554752 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 15 February 2011

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We investigate midinfrared intersubband photodetectors based on short-period AlN/GaN superlattices with different quantum well thicknesses. Band structure calculations, as well as optical transmission and photovoltage measurements, underline the importance of higher order interminiband transitions. In particular, it was found that optical transitions between the second and third minibands benefit from much larger electron displacements and oscillator strengths than those between the first and second minibands. Our results suggest that optical rectification is therefore much more efficient for devices based on a higher order interminiband transition.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)

Nanopattern enabled terahertz all-optical switching on vanadium dioxide thin film

S. B. Choi, J. S. Kyoung, H. S. Kim, H. R. Park, D. J. Park, Bong-Jun Kim, Y. H. Ahn, F. Rotermund, Hyun-Tak Kim, K. J. Ahn, and D. S. Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071105 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3553504 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 16 February 2011

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We demonstrate ultrafast all-optical control of terahertz (THz) radiation through nanoresonators, slot antennas with a hundred micron length but submicron width in thin gold layers, fabricated on vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films. Our THz nanoresonators show almost perfect transmission at resonance. By virtue of phase transition of VO2 from insulating to metallic state, induced in subpicosecond time scale by moderate optical pump, ultrafast control of THz transmission is enabled. This is compared to bare VO2 films where no switching dynamics are observed under similar conditions.
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42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
42.79.Wc Optical coatings

High-Q whispering-gallery mode lasing from nanosphere-patterned GaN nanoring arrays

K. H. Li, Zetao Ma, and H. W. Choi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071106 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3556281 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 February 2011

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A hexagonal-close-packed ordered array of nanorings was fabricated on GaN with a modified nanosphere lithography process. The spheres initially served as etch masks for the formation of closed-packed nanopillars. The spheres were then shrunk and, with a layer of oxide deposited, the roles of the spheres became masks for liftoff. The final etch produced nanorings with wall widths of 140 nm. Photopumped lasing with splitting modes was observed at room temperature, with a low lase threshold of ∼ 10 mJ/cm2 and high quality factor of ∼ 5000, via whispering-gallery modes. The resonant frequencies were verified through finite-difference time-domain simulations.
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81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Beyond the Yablonovitch limit: Trapping light by frequency shift

Tom Markvart

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071107 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3554436 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 18 February 2011

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It is shown that randomizing the photon distribution over the frequency as well as orientation variables dramatically improves the efficiency of optical confinement in a weakly absorbing material such as crystalline silicon. The enhancement in average optical path length over the Yablonovitch limit [ E. Yablonovitch, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 899 (1982)] is given by an inverse Boltzmann factor of the frequency shift, making it possible to manufacture, for example, efficient crystalline silicon solar cells of thickness barely 1 μm.
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42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and particles

Terahertz two-cylinder waveguide coupler for transverse-magnetic and transverse-electric mode operation

M. Theuer, A. J. Shutler, S. Sree Harsha, R. Beigang, and D. Grischkowsky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071108 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3554761 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 18 February 2011

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We report the coupling and guiding of broadband terahertz radiation using a two-cylinder waveguide coupler. For the transverse electromagnetic TEM (TM0) geometry, the two opposing metal cylinders exhibit an amplitude transmission comparable to that of the cylindrical silicon lens coupled parallel-plate waveguide, but in the transverse-electric orientation the two-cylinder coupler shows much better amplitude transmission.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology

Experimental verification of reduced intersubband scattering in ordered nanopore lattices

N. L. Dias, A. Garg, U. Reddy, J. D. Young, K. P. Bassett, X. Li, and J. J. Coleman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071109 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3554763 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 18 February 2011

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A photoluminescence study of emission from a periodically perforated quantum well at 77 K is presented. Good agreement is observed between numerical predictions and experimental results. The effects of pore diameter on peak emission wavelength and relative emission from second excited subbands are analyzed. The results are found to be consistent with predictions of reduced intersubband scattering rate in nanopore lattices due to the reduced wave function overlap between the initial and final states arising from the in-plane periodicity.
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78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
81.07.St Quantum wells
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
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